Triangular operations are a type of international trade model in which three parties from different countries participate in the sale and purchase of goods. In this scheme, the supplier (located in the first country) sells the products to an intermediary (located in a second country), who in turn resells them to the final customer in a third country, without the goods physically passing through the intermediary’s country.

This type of operation is especially beneficial for companies seeking to maximize their competitiveness in international markets. By allowing goods to flow directly between supplier and end customer, logistics costs and risks are significantly reduced. Additionally, by taking advantage of free trade agreements and favorable tax regimes, triangular operations can offer considerable economic advantages.

In 2025, these operations will continue to grow in importance as a result of increasing globalization, the digitalization of processes, and the implementation of new trade agreements.

Which are the most relevant trade routes?

• Asia – Europe – Africa: this route connects the main Asian production centers (China, Vietnam, India) with European and African customers. It is ideal for electronics, textiles and machinery, and benefits from advanced logistics infrastructure like a new “Silk Road”.
• North America – Latin America – Europe: on this route, the United States and Mexico act as intermediaries in the export of goods to Europe from Central and South American countries. Agricultural products, minerals and processed foods are especially relevant in this route.
• Europe – Middle East – Central Asia: this corridor focuses on luxury goods, automotive and energy products. Europe serves as a supplier of finished products and technology, while the Middle East and Central Asia purchase these goods for domestic consumption and re-export.
• Southeast Asia – Africa – North America: this route facilitates the export of products manufactured in Southeast Asia to Africa, with the United States as the final market. Pharmaceutical products, cosmetics and medical technology stand out here.

Types of triangular operations

Among the triangular operations originating in the European Union (EU), several types can be highlighted according to the different actors involved in the transport and distribution of goods.

• Intra-community transactions: All parties are located in the European Union.
• Non-EU transactions: The parties are located in countries outside the EU.
• Mixed transactions: These involve both EU and non-EU countries.
• Pure transactions: The products do not pass through the intermediate country.

To manage these operations, accurate documentation such as commercial invoices, certificates of origin, and Intrastat declarations are required when applicable. In addition, it is essential to comply with local tax and customs regulations, and to file appropriate declarations in each territory involved.

Triangular operations are key to optimizing international trade in a competitive environment. At Logisber we offer customized solutions for efficiently managing these types of operations in compliance with regulations. If you want to ensure the success of your international freight forwarding business and stay at the forefront of global trade, contact Logisber now.